objective: dna vaccines have been widely used to develop immunity against various pathogens including parasites and viruses. the potential of dna vaccine to induce an effective immune response is related to the expression levels of the encoded protein in eukaryotic cells. therefore, optimization of plasmid dna delivery system is a major concern in protein expression in order to make an efficien...

Cationic liposomes have been actively used as gene delivery vehicle because of their minimal toxicity, but their relatively low efficiency of gene delivery is the major disadvantage of these vectors. Recently, cysteine residue incorporation to HIV-1 Tat peptide increased liposomemediated transfection compared with unmodified Tat peptide. Therefore, we designed a novel modified Tat peptide havin...

clostridium botulinum type a (bont/a) produces a neurotoxin recently found to be useful as an injectable drug for the treatment of abnormal muscle contractions. the catalytic domain of this toxin which is responsible for the main toxin activity is a zinc metalloprotease that inhibits the release of neurotransmitter mediators in neuromuscular junctions. a cell penetrating cationic peptide, tat, ...

Clostridium botulinum type A (BoNT/A) produces a neurotoxin recently found to be useful as an injectable drug for the treatment of abnormal muscle contractions. The catalytic domain of this toxin which is responsible for the main toxin activity is a zinc metalloprotease that inhibits the release of neurotransmitter mediators in neuromuscular junctions. A cell penetrating cationic peptide, Tat, ...

Inhibition of the interaction between scaffolding protein PSD-95 and NMDA receptor has been shown to obstruct ischemic stroke-triggered excitotoxic reactions, leading neuronal death. The peptides NR2B9c N -dimer are inhibitors this interaction. Delivery brain is challenging due general low blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. have therefore conjugated cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) Tat, faci...

The interaction of the trans-activation responsive (TAR) region of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) RNA with the Tat peptide is known to play important role in viral replication. Despite being thoroughly studied through a structural point of view, the nature of binding between BIV TAR RNA and the BIV Tat peptide requires information related to its thermodynamics and the nature of hydration a...

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), which are short peptides that are capable of crossing the plasma membrane of a living cell, are under development as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents that cannot themselves enter the cell. One well-studied CPP is the 10-amino acid peptide derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein. In experiments to test the hypothesis that ...

the major limitation in the application of bioactive molecule is their low permeation across plasma membrane. in 1988 it was discovered, that a natural polycationic protein, the trans-acting activator of transcription (tat) of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), passed very efficiently through cell membrane of cultured mammalian cells. tat became known as the first cell penetrating peptid...